The Determinant of Vitamin D Adequacy in Fishermen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/jku.v9i2.407Keywords:
Fishermen, vitamin D, fish, sunshineAbstract
Background: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in both developed and developing countries are 30% - 75% with increased risk reported among women, elderly, obese individuals and those with low sun exposure. Fisherman has been acknowledged as an occupation with high sun exposure. However, a previous study showed that 4 in 5 fishermen were vitamin D deficient. The objective of this study is to investigate vitamin D intake and sun exposure among fishermen.
Method: This cross-sectional study recruited fishermen residing in the working area of several public health centres in Mataram and West Lombok districts. The subjects were classified as fishermen and non-fishermen. Vitamin D intake and sun exposure were the the main variables.
Results: One in two fishermen and three in four non-fishermen exhibited low intake of vitamin D. Fish intake in the fisherman and the non-fisherman groups were 937 gram per week and 652 gram per week, respectively. The most consumed fish was tuna. Fish intake of 937 gram per week was equivalent to ~12 µg vitamin D intake and 23.6 nmol/L vitamin D concentration. The majority of subjects were unable to achieve the optimal UVB radiation.
Conclusion: Insufficient vitamin D intake and limited sun exposure are prevalent in fisherman and non-fisherman groups.
References
2. Holick MF. Evidence-based D-bate on health benefits of vitamin D revisited. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012;4(2):183-90.
3. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;87(4):1080S-6S.
4. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503-11.
5. Poh BK, Rojroongwasinkul N, Nguyen BK, Sandjaja, Ruzita AT, Yamborisut U, et al. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D demography and the risk of vitamin D insufficiency in the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(3):538-48.
6. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA. Demographic Differences and Trends of Vitamin D Insufficiency in the US Population, 1988-2004. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169(6):626-32.
7. Daly R, Gagnon C, Lu Z, Magliano D, Dunstan D, Sikaris K, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its determinants in Australian adults aged 25 years and older: a national, population based study. Clinical Endocrinology. 2012;77(1):26-35.
8. Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics. 2012 Apr-Jun;3(2):118-26.
9. Sahota O. Understanding vitamin D deficiency. Age and Ageing. 2014;43(5):589-91.
10. NTB DKdPP. Buku Profil Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi NTB Tahun 2019. Mataram: Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi NTB; 2019.
11. Rahmasari L. Pengaruh jarak tempuh melaut, lama bekerja dan teknologi terhadap pendapatan nelayan. Jurnal Saintek Maritim. 2017;16(2):163-74.
12. Rimahardika R, Subagio H, Wijayanti H. Asupan vitamin D dan paparan sinar matahari pada orang yang bekerja di dalam ruangan dan di luar ruangan. Journal of Nutrition College. 2017;6(4):333-42.
13. Lee D-H, Park KS, Cho M-C. Laboratory confirmation of the effect of occupational sun exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Medicine. 2018;97(27):e11419-e.
14. WHO. Physical status : the use of and interpretation of anthropometry , report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva; 1995.
15. Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP. Effects of Above Average Summer Sun Exposure on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Calcium Absorption. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002 11/26/2019;87(11):4952-6.
16. Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D in foods and as supplements. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2006;92(1):33-8.
17. USDA. Nutrient Data Laboratory. US Department of Agriculture; 2016 [updated 2016; cited 2019 30 May 2019]; Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/mafcl.
18. Cashman KD, Wallace JMW, Horigan G, Hill TR, Barnes MS, Lucey AJ, et al. Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in free-living adults ? 64 y of age. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 11/28/2019;89(5):1366-74.
19. Lehmann U, Gjessing HR, Hirche F, Mueller-Belecke A, Gudbrandsen OA, Ueland PM, et al. Efficacy of fish intake on vitamin D status: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 Oct;102(4):837-47 doi: 103945/ajcn114105395 Epub 2015 Sep 9. 2015.
20. Brock KE, Ke L, Tseng M, Clemson L, Koo FK, Jang H, et al. Vitamin D status is associated with sun exposure, vitamin D and calcium intake, acculturation and attitudes in immigrant East Asian women living in Sydney. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Jul;136:214-7.
21. Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Photobiology of Vitamin D. Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2010. p. 35-60.
22. Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 12/2/2019;79(3):362-71.
23. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Aug;67(2):373-8.
24. Judistiani RTD, Nirmala SA, Rahmawati M, Ghrahani R, Natalia YA, Sugianli AK, et al. Optimizing ultraviolet B radiation exposure to prevent vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in the tropical zone: report from cohort study on vitamin D status and its impact during pregnancy in Indonesia. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019;19(1):209-.
25. Setiati S. Vitamin D status among Indonesian elderly women living in institutionalized care units. Acta Med Indones. 2008 Apr;40(2):78-83.
