Literature Review: Effect of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Zinc on COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/jku.v10i4.597Keywords:
Vitamin C, zinc, Vitamin D, Covid-19Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging, highly contagious and pathogenic coronavirus. To date, there is no definitive therapy for SARS-Cov-2 infection known as COVID-19. Supportive therapy that can be done is the provision of vitamin and mineral supplementation by consuming vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc. Several studies have shown that oral and intravenous administration of vitamin C can reduce the increased risk of complications, reduce severity, improve symptoms and improve prognosis with COVID-19. Zinc might reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and shorten the duration and severity of illness.
References
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8. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988.
9. Giuseppe, M., Giovanni, P., & Simone, N. (2020). Vitamin D and Covid-19: an update on evidence and potential therapeutic implications. doi: 10.1186/s12948-020-00139-0
10. Hoang, B. X., Shaw, G., Fang, W., & Han, B. (2020). Possible application of high-dose vitamin C in the prevention and therapy of coronavirus infection. Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 23, 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.025
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12. Kumar, A., Kubota, Y., Chernov, M., & Kasuya, H. (2020). Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Medical hypotheses, 144, 109848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109848
13. Li, H., Liu, S. M., Yu, X. H., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(5), 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
14. Milani, G. P., Macchi, M., & Guz-Mark, A. (2021). Vitamin C in the Treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients, 13(4), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041172
15. Mittal, A., Manjunath, K., Ranjan, R. K., Kaushik, S., Kumar, S., & Verma, V. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Insights into structure, function, and hACE2 receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. PLoS pathogens, 16(8), e1008762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008762
16. Li, H., Liu, S. M., Yu, X. H., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(5), 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
17. Pal, A., Squitti, R., Picozza, M., Pawar, A., Rongioletti, M., Dutta, A. K., Sahoo, S., Goswami, K., Sharma, P., & Prasad, R. (2021). Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials. Biological trace element research, 199(8), 2882–2892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02437-9
18. Simonson W. (2020). Vitamin C and coronavirus. Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.), 41(3), 331–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002
19. Teshome, A., Adane, A., Girma, B., & Mekonnen, Z. A. (2021). The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in public health, 9, 624559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559
20. Wessels, I., Rolles, B., & Rink, L. (2020). The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712
21. Yisak, H., Ewunetei, A., Kefale, B., Mamuye, M., Teshome, F., Ambaw, B., & Yideg Yitbarek, G. (2021). Effects of Vitamin D on COVID-19 Infection and Prognosis: A Systematic Review. Risk management and healthcare policy, 14, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S291584
22. Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 215, 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427
23. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2013) 18:CD001364. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4
24. Isaacs D, Flowers D, Clarke JR, Valman HB, MacNaughton MR. Epidemiology of coronavirus respiratory infections. Arch Dis Child. (1983) 58:500–3. doi: 10.1136/adc.58.7.500
25. Wang MX, Win SS, Pang J. Zinc supplementation reduces common cold duration among healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with micronutrients supplementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (2020). doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0718
26. Kim WY, Jo EJ, Eom JS, Mok J, Kim MH, Kim KU, et al. hydrocortisone, and thiamine therapy for patients with severe pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit: Propensity score-based analysis of a before-after cohort study. J Crit Care (2018) 47:211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.004
27. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study. Chest (2017) 151:1229–38. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.036
28. Mason SA, Della Gatta PA, Snow RJ, Russell AP, Wadley GD. Ascorbic acid supplementation improves skeletal muscle oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized controlled study. Free Radic Biol Med (2016) 93:227–38. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.006
29. Karahan S, Katkat F. Impact of serum 25(OH) vitamin D level on mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. J Nutr Health Aging. (2020);5:1-8.
2. Annweiler, C., Hanotte, B., Grandin de l'Eprevier, C., Sabatier, J. M., Lafaie, L., & Célarier, T. (2020). Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 204, 105771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771
3. Arentz, S., Hunter, J., Yang, G., Goldenberg, J., Beardsley, J., Myers, S. P., Mertz, D., & Leeder, S. (2020). Zinc for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review. Advances in integrative medicine, 7(4), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.009
4. Bergman P. (2021). The link between vitamin D and COVID-19: distinguishing facts from fiction. Journal of internal medicine, 289(1), 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13158
5. Brenner H. (2021). Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 Infections and Deaths-Accumulating Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies Calls for Immediate Action. Nutrients, 13(2), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020411
6. Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211
7. Cerullo, G., Negro, M., Parimbelli, M., Pecoraro, M., Perna, S., Liguori, G., Rondanelli, M., Cena, H., & Giuseppe D. (2020). The Long History of Vitamin C: From Prevention of the Common Cold to Potential Aid in the Treatment of COVID-19. Italy: University of Pavia. Doi 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574029
8. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988.
9. Giuseppe, M., Giovanni, P., & Simone, N. (2020). Vitamin D and Covid-19: an update on evidence and potential therapeutic implications. doi: 10.1186/s12948-020-00139-0
10. Hoang, B. X., Shaw, G., Fang, W., & Han, B. (2020). Possible application of high-dose vitamin C in the prevention and therapy of coronavirus infection. Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 23, 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.025
11. Joachimiak M. P. (2021). Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 15(1), e0008895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895
12. Kumar, A., Kubota, Y., Chernov, M., & Kasuya, H. (2020). Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Medical hypotheses, 144, 109848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109848
13. Li, H., Liu, S. M., Yu, X. H., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(5), 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
14. Milani, G. P., Macchi, M., & Guz-Mark, A. (2021). Vitamin C in the Treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients, 13(4), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041172
15. Mittal, A., Manjunath, K., Ranjan, R. K., Kaushik, S., Kumar, S., & Verma, V. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Insights into structure, function, and hACE2 receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. PLoS pathogens, 16(8), e1008762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008762
16. Li, H., Liu, S. M., Yu, X. H., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(5), 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
17. Pal, A., Squitti, R., Picozza, M., Pawar, A., Rongioletti, M., Dutta, A. K., Sahoo, S., Goswami, K., Sharma, P., & Prasad, R. (2021). Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials. Biological trace element research, 199(8), 2882–2892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02437-9
18. Simonson W. (2020). Vitamin C and coronavirus. Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.), 41(3), 331–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002
19. Teshome, A., Adane, A., Girma, B., & Mekonnen, Z. A. (2021). The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in public health, 9, 624559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559
20. Wessels, I., Rolles, B., & Rink, L. (2020). The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712
21. Yisak, H., Ewunetei, A., Kefale, B., Mamuye, M., Teshome, F., Ambaw, B., & Yideg Yitbarek, G. (2021). Effects of Vitamin D on COVID-19 Infection and Prognosis: A Systematic Review. Risk management and healthcare policy, 14, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S291584
22. Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 215, 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427
23. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2013) 18:CD001364. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4
24. Isaacs D, Flowers D, Clarke JR, Valman HB, MacNaughton MR. Epidemiology of coronavirus respiratory infections. Arch Dis Child. (1983) 58:500–3. doi: 10.1136/adc.58.7.500
25. Wang MX, Win SS, Pang J. Zinc supplementation reduces common cold duration among healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with micronutrients supplementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (2020). doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0718
26. Kim WY, Jo EJ, Eom JS, Mok J, Kim MH, Kim KU, et al. hydrocortisone, and thiamine therapy for patients with severe pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit: Propensity score-based analysis of a before-after cohort study. J Crit Care (2018) 47:211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.004
27. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study. Chest (2017) 151:1229–38. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.036
28. Mason SA, Della Gatta PA, Snow RJ, Russell AP, Wadley GD. Ascorbic acid supplementation improves skeletal muscle oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized controlled study. Free Radic Biol Med (2016) 93:227–38. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.006
29. Karahan S, Katkat F. Impact of serum 25(OH) vitamin D level on mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. J Nutr Health Aging. (2020);5:1-8.
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Published
2022-01-22
How to Cite
Eva Hiikmatul Damayanti, & Budyono, C. (2022). Literature Review: Effect of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Zinc on COVID-19. Jurnal Kedokteran, 10(4), 694–702. https://doi.org/10.29303/jku.v10i4.597
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Literature Review
