Hipertensi Sebagai Determinan Utama untuk Peningkatan Risiko Stroke pada Populasi Penduduk di Daerah Pesisir
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/jku.v11i1.641Keywords:
stroke, hypertension, salt intake, coastal areaAbstract
Hypertension is the main determinant of stroke in the population in coastal areas. This is mainly related to the pattern of daily high sodium salt intake that is characteristic for the population in these areas. Chronic consumption of sodium salt > 5 grams/day will increase the risk of hypertension. Since marine fish naturally have high levels of sodium and its level will be increased during processing and packaging, chronic consumption of marine fish can be considered as a risk factor for hypertension and stroke as well. Pathophysiologically, high sodium levels for a long period may cause dysfunctional of pressure natriuresis, a condition that underlies hypertension. The hypertension itself will then induce the structural changes of blood vessels wall in the brain that support the occurrence of stroke. Since economically, the use of sodium salt for the preservation process, taste modification, and color and texture modification of seafood products, including marine fish, is more affordable, while the availability of substitutes for sodium salt for these purposes is relatively expensive and not always available, educational program for coastal communities related to daily sodium salt consumption control as an effort to prevent stroke are a distinct challenge for local health authorities.
References
2. Ovbiagele B, Nguyen-Huynh MN. Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2011;8(3):319–29.
3. Rochmah TN, Rahmawati IT, Dahlui M, Budiarto W, Bilqis N. Economic burden of stroke disease: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021;18:7552. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18147552
4. Cushman M, Cantrell RA, McClure LA, Howard G, Prineas RJ, Moy CS, et al. Estimated 10-year Stroke Risk by Region and Race in the United States: Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Risk. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(5):507–13.
5. Radnaabaatar M, Kim YE, Go DS, Jung Y, Yoon SJ. Burden of disease in coastal areas of South Korea: An assessment using health insurance claim data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3044.
6. Köseo?lu Toksoy C, Bölük C, Türk Börü Ü, Akin S, Yilmaz AY, Co?kun Duman S, et al. Stroke Prevalence in a Coastal Town on the Black Sea Coast in Turkey: Community Based Study. Neurol Res Int. 2018;2018:8246123.
7. Alifariki LO, Tukatman T, Bangu B, Siagian HJ. Differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer in coastal and highland communities in Wakatobi islands. Rev Bionatura. 2021;6(2):1736–40.
8. Frisoli TM, Schmieder RE, Grodzicki T, Messerli FH. Salt and hypertension: Is salt dietary reduction worth the effort? Am J Med [Internet]. 2012;125(5):433–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.10.023
9. Soleha U, Qomaruddin MB. Saltwater fish consumption pattern and incidence of hypertension in adults: A study on the population of gresik coast, indonesia. J Public health Res. 2020;9(2):212–4.
10. Li XY, Cai XL, Bian P Da, Hu LR. High salt intake and stroke: Meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(8):691–701.
11. Del Brutto OH, Santamaría M, Zambrano M, Peñaherrera E, Pow-Chon-Long F, Del Brutto VJ, et al. Stroke in rural coastal Ecuador: A community-based survey. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(3):365–6.
12. Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS V. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120:472–95.
13. Chen X, Wei W, Zou S, Wu X, Zhou B, Fu L, et al. Trends in the prevalence of hypertension in island and coastal areas of China: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(12):1503–10.
14. Yodang Y, Nuridah N. Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension in Coastal and Estuarine Communities. Int J Med Rev. 2019;6(4):128–34.
15. Astutik E, Puspikawati SI, Dewi DMSK, Mandagi AM, Sebayang SK. Prevalence and Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure among Adults in Banyuwangi Coastal Communities, Indonesia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2020;30(6):941–50.
16. Grillo A, Salvi L, Coruzzi P, Salvi P, Parati G. Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):1970.
17. Yu JG, Zhou RR, Cai GJ. From Hypertension to Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Prevention Strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17(5):577–84.
18. Wang M, Kim SH, Monticone RE, Lakatta EG. Matrix Metalloproteinases Promote Arterial Remodeling in Aging, Hypertension, and Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2015;65(4):698–703.
19. Sierra C, López-Soto A, Coca A. Connecting cerebral white matter lesions and hypertensive target organ damage. J Aging Res. 2011;2011:438978.
20. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:487–93.
21. Dinicolantonio JJ, Okeefe J. Importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing platelet aggregation, coagulation and thrombosis. Open Hear. 2019;6:e001011.
22. Golanski J, Szymanska P, Rozalski M. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites on haemostasis—current perspectives in cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2394.
23. Caicoya M. Fish consumption and stroke: A community case-control study in Asturias, Spain. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21:107–14.
24. Pedro S, Nunes ML. Reducing salt levels in seafood products [Internet]. Second Edi. Reducing Salt in Foods. Elsevier Ltd.; 2019. p185–211. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100890-4.00008-1
25. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu N, Shimizu H. Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1543–7.
